This consists of things apart from the thing being changed or moved, which interact so as to be an agency of the change or movement. Efficient, or agent The efficient or moving cause of a change or movement. Aristotle says, for example, that the ratio 2:1, and number in general, is the formal cause of the octave.

This is a change or movement caused by the arrangement, shape, or appearance of the thing changing or moving. Form The formal cause of a change or movement. For a table, this might be wood for a statue, it might be bronze or marble. This is the aspect of the change or movement that is determined by the material that composes the moving or changing things. In Physics II.3 and Metaphysics V.2, Aristotle holds that there are four kinds of answers to 'why' questions: Matter The material cause of a change or movement. Rather, the translation of Aristotle's αἰτία that is nearest to current ordinary language is 'explanation.' This peculiar, specialized, technical, usage of the word 'cause' is not that of everyday English language. Īristotle's word aitia ( Greek: αἰτία) has, in philosophical scholarly tradition, been translated as 'cause'.

Aristotle wrote that 'we do not have knowledge of a thing until we have grasped its why, that is to say, its cause.' While there are cases in which classifying a 'cause' is difficult, or in which 'causes' might merge, Aristotle held that his four 'causes' provided an analytical scheme of general applicability. The four causes or four explanations are, in Aristotelian thought, four fundamental types of answer to the question 'why?', in analysis of change or movement in nature: the material, the formal, the efficient, and the final. Frightened, she watches her once stable life begin to crumble around her and she begins to question her own sanity.Aristotle's Four Causes illustrated for a table: material (wood), formal (structure), efficient (carpentry), final (dining). As the odd hallucinations evolve and become clearer, she feels a strong pull towards the people she sees there. When he touches her, she blacks out and has visions of another life, in another time. Whenever Jackson gets near Jocelyn she feels ill and dizzy. His dark wavy hair, green eyes and charismatic personality draws everyone to him. Jackson Chandler moved in to the house across the street. She’s about to find out how wrong she is. Jocelyn Timmons does not believe she is anything special - just an ordinary high school senior, living an ordinary life full of school-work, volleyball and friends.

Waddington will be on tour October 27-November 10 with her novel Essence

Essence by A.L. Waddington